The proper name for these saline lakes is endorheic basins, or terminal lakes. While normal lakes drain into the ocean through rivers or underground seepage, which keeps the water moving and fresh, saline lakes have no natural outlet. Once the water arrives in the lake—accompanied by all its dissolved salts—it has nowhere to go. Water flows in, brought by rivers and tributaries, but the only way it leaves is through evaporation. Without any other methods of drainage, these lakes eventually become more and more saline as water continually evaporates and leaves its dissolved salts behind. Salt lakes occur most often in dry, arid climates, where water flow is low and constant heat causes massive evaporation. Salt lakes tend to be relatively young bodies of water, but because they’re so much smaller than the oceans, their salinity levels have risen extremely quickly. The Dead Sea, which straddles the border between Israel and Jordan, is more than eight times saltier than the ocean. The Great Salt Lake, the largest saline lake in North America, is about four times saltier.
While visitors to these saltwater lakes might find it fun to bob and float at the surface (because of increased buoyancy) and collect salt crystals from the shore, hypersaline lakes don’t support any life besides microscopic creatures and brine shrimp. There are no fish, no aquatic mammals, and no plants. The excessive mineral content prevents any living things from adapting to the water.
There are dozens of folktales and myths from every culture that try to explain why our oceans are salty. The reality might be far less exciting than a tale of a generous German giant, but the scientific explanation for our oceans’ saltiness is a fascinating glimpse into the history of our planet and how our environment is changing every day.
